Alice & Bob researchers have estimated that running Shor's algorithm against RSA-2048 would require 22,593 physical cat qubits and 3.14 days on fault-tolerant quantum hardware. The findings are theoretical resource projections that underscore the urgency of quantum cryptanalysis and the transition to post-quantum cryptography.
Alice & Bob Estimates 22,593 Qubits Needed to Break RSA-2048
Physical qubit count needed to break RSA-2048 using cat qubits is 40 times lower than Google's 2025 estimate.